Childhood Obesity And Its Effects On Children - 1422 Words

The United States, the busiest country on over the world, is being threatened by the obesity, especially children. Compare with the past 30 years, in 2012, the number of children are obese increases doubled (Childhood Obesity Facts). The major elements that lead to the childhood obesity not only come from the invisible factor are family’s gene, but also the environment grow them up as school and the influence of technology in the modern society. But if the parent and school have a positive behavior on children’s eating habit, and also control the time using the technology of children, they can contribute to preventing this situation. First of all, gene affects to any aspects of human, development, physiology, so no except with the obesity (Genes Are Not). Genetics also may decide body type, or how fat is stored and burned. According to one research, if mother or father is obese, 50 percent their children in future will be obese, and if both mother and father are obese, 80 percent children are obese (Currie-McGhee 20). The invisible factor such as a gene from family can lead to the obesity in children, so the parent needs to improve their own eating habit, also encourage their children to get a positive eating behavior. â€Å"Children typically are not born obese. They learn to become obese in an environment that encourages it. If parents are eating poorly, that’s what they’re providing their children† said by Debra Haire-Joshu (Villepigue 12). Even obese genes impact on theShow MoreRelatedChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On Children1188 Words   |  5 Pagesbehaviors adopted by children affect their mental and physical health. Studies have shown that there is a link between what children see in advertisements and the lifestyle choices they make. Studies also showed that children who viewed advertisements showing healthy eating were more likely to engage in healthy eating habits (Carter and Maria). There are large amounts of advertisements for foods and drinks high in fat and sugar. Many studies show that there is a link between childhood obesity and advertisingRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effect On Children1273 Words   |  6 Pagesincline, childhood obesity is one of the most important issue. Often times, parents are willing to do anything for their child with the idea that it is â€Å"healthy.† When they figure out that not everything is healthy, some even take efforts to sue the company. Parents do not realize the underlying factors that cause this type of obesity. Childhood obesity can be a result of many factors in this upcoming society. Many consider genetics and hormonal development as a proof for childhood obesity. HoweverRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On Children1093 Words   |  5 Pages Obesity is a serious, sometimes fatal condition in which a person is significantly overweight for his or her age and height. Many children suffer from this condition all over the world. Childhood obesity is one of the most increasing health threats that the United States faces. Many researchers ask how children get to be so overly obese and unhealthy. They have come up with ways to somehow prevent it; however, the rates of the growin g disease have grown rapidly over the years. It causes many problemsRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On Children1727 Words   |  7 PagesEnding Childhood Obesity Juanita was born at an average weight of six pounds, but now at 10-months-old she weights a whopping 44 pounds. Juanita has gained over seven times her original weight and is at the weight of an average five year old. Doctors say by age two or three Juanita could develop type two diabetes (She Was Just Ten Months). Unfortunately, this is not a rare for many children all over the world; many children suffer from the exact same situation Juanita has been put into. ChildhoodRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On Children Essay1645 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood obesity introduce In addition to the physical harm, obesity and negative psychological impact on children. This is a high risk factors of childhood obesity, which can lead to high blood pressure, high cholesterol, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Obese children always lower than that of healthy children intelligence and operators. Their activities, learning and communication ability is very low, and their depression and low self-esteem can make the children s sensitivity to interpersonalRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On Children985 Words   |  4 Pagesprevalence among preschool-aged children, obesity among children is still too high. For children and adolescents aged 2-19 years, the prevalence of obesity has remained fairly stable at about 17% and affects about 12.7 million children and adolescents for the past decade (CDC). Childhood obesity does not only affect children, but also has many long term health effects on our children as they get older, including, an increased risk of ty pe 2 diabetes in both childhood and adulthood. (2). ResearchersRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On Children920 Words   |  4 PagesAccess to fresh fruits, vegetables and nutritious meals is an important component in combating childhood obesity. Socioeconomic conditions can limit access to quality food for many children. Without the ability to consume nutritious, low calorie food portions children are at risk for developing health conditions. In 2011, 20.6% of households with children in the U.S. have experienced food insecurity and it has been associated with negative health and development outcomes including more frequentRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On Children945 Words   |  4 PagesDid you know that childhood obesity has tripled in last 30 years? According to Spark, a web site about childhood obesity, a child is considered obese if their BMI(Body Mass Index) is 30 or higher. This is a serious medical condition. It can lead to a variety of serious diseases and have physiological and psycological impact on the children, moreover it can cause issues in their social lives. Childhood obesity is prevalent in both developed and developing countries. Home, schools, and the communityRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effect On Children1614 Words   |  7 PagesChildhood Obesity has become one of the leading causes of death in our nation today. Sadly, our society in whole is one of the heaviest. Putting an emp hasis on the fact that â€Å"obesity rates among children of all ages are dramatically higher then they were a generation ago† (Green). Society has made it, with little to no trouble, that kids can get what they want, when they want it. Children are unaware of the harm and trauma they are putting their bodies through at such a young age. Childhood obesityRead MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On Children1871 Words   |  8 PagesChildhood obesity has been more than doubled in the past 30 years and it increased from 7% in 1980 to nearly 18% in 2012 according to the USA Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Childhood obesity is a very genuine therapeutic condition that influences children. It happens when the child is above the typical weight for his or her age and height. Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition that affects both the children and adults. Childhood obesity is not only an issue in developed countries

Soul Surfer Book Report Essay - 721 Words

Soul Surfer Summer Read Questions 1. Soul Surfer takes place in Kauai, Hawaii. In the story, the main character-Bethany Hamilton- is an extremely talented surfer. Her whole life basically revolved around surfing, she loved it more than anything else in the world. Bethany spent most of her time in the water, either practicing or competing. Until one day during a practice session with her best friend, Alana Blanchard, something tragic occurred. Bethany was attacked by a 14 foot tiger shark. Alana, and her father and brother rushed Bethany to the hospital, in fear that she might die. Ironically, Bethany’s father was getting surgery that day, and he left his room so that his daughter could be helped. It was her and her family’s faith in God†¦show more content†¦In this case, becoming a professional surfer. Bethany didn’t even let her arm getting ripped off stop her from success. Bethany Hamilton didn’t have many weaknesses, but she did have one that affected her greatly. All she cared about was surfing. Rather than going to Mexico with her youth group, Bethany chose to stay home and surf. This is when she was attacked by the shark. 3. I did enjoy the book Soul Surfer. It was a very inspirational, touching story. I was inspired greatly by Bethany Hamilton’s courage and will to accomplish her dreams, despite the challenge. I was touched by her story, and how she overcame her obstacles with the help of God. The book was told from a first person point of view. I liked this a lot, because it allowed the reader to fully understand Bethany’s emotions towards what was happening. From another person’s point of view, Bethany seemed like she was feeling fine, and recovering well, but on the inside she really wasn’t. This was the right point of view to tell such a story that involved so many hidden emotions. 4. The book Soul Surfer can obviously be compared to the movie Soul Surfer. But another motivational story that I could compare it to would be 127 Hours. In this movie, a man goes exploring in a canyon, and didn’t tell anyone where he was going. He was climbing down a crevice, and a large rock fell and trapped his arm in between the rock walls. He had to cut off his right arm with a dulledShow MoreRelatedEcommerce Success and Failure Stories7659 Words   |  31 Pagesreleased or acquired by Google Inc. All products of Google ensures Flexibility, Quality and Convenience. Search: ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · Alerts: Get email updates on the topics of your choice Blog Search: Find blogs on your favourite topics Books: Search the full text of books Google Chrome: A browser built for speed, stability and security Desktop: Search and personalise your computer Directory: Browse the web by topic Images: Search for images on the web Maps: View maps and directions News: Search thousandsRead MoreMm-Chapter 1-3 Dawn Iacobucci17854 Words   |  72 PagesExchange Relationship 3 Marketing Is Everywhere 3 Why Is Marketing Important? 5 Marketing and Customer Satisfaction Is Everyone’s Responsibility 6 The Marketing Framework: 5Cs, STP, and 4Ps 7 The Marketing Science of Customer Behavior 8 Summary and Book Layout 11 The Marketing Framework: 5Cs, STP, 4Ps 12 The Flow in Each Chapter: What? Why? 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What is the tenure of the Thirteenth Finance Commission?    The Finance Commission is required to give its report by 31st October, 2009. Its recommendations will cover the five year period commencing from 1st April, 2010. The Recession 2008 In the fall of 2008, the credit crunch, which had emerged a little more than a year before, ballooned into Wall Street’sRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 PagesComputer, Inc. Used herein under license. Library of Congress Control Number: 2006933904 Student Edition: ISBN-13: 978-0-495-11873-2 ISBN-10: 0-495-11873-7 ââ€"   To my nephews, Jesse and Luke Smidt, who bet I wouldn’t put their names in this book. R. P. ââ€"   To my wife, Sally, and my daughter, Anna C. O. ââ€"   To Carol, Allie, and Teri. J. D. ââ€"   About the Authors puter Teacher of the Year award in 1988 and received the Siemens Award for Advanced Placement in mathematics in 1999Read MoreMarketing Management 14th Edition Test Bank Kotler Test Bank173911 Words   |  696 Pagesbeen informed that a MIS is built upon three fundamental information sources. The sources are ________, marketing intelligence activities, and marketing research. A) external records and documents B) databases found on the Internet C) consultant reports D) internal company records E) secondary data from government sources such as the Better Business Bureau Answer: D Page Ref: 69 Objective: 1 Difficulty: Easy 2) The companys marketing information system should be a mix of what managers

Children learn best by observing the behavior of adults and copying it. Do you agree or disagree free essay sample

?Children learn best by observing the behavior of adults and copying it. We will write a custom essay sample on Children learn best by observing the behavior of adults and copying it. Do you agree or disagree? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Do you agree or disagree? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. There is no doubt to the perception of how children learn what is needed in life is by observing the behavior of adults and copying it. This process of copying the behavior of adults is known as modeling. However both positive and negative behavior will be applied by the children and this in turn requires the involvement of the adults to guide them. A lot of studies have proven to us that modeling the adults is the crucial factor of how children develop their own traits. By watching and observing the adults, they acquire the experiences which influences the way they decide and how their mindset works on what is acceptable behavior and what is not. Being a parent to growing up kids enable me to have the opportunities to be around the children, and without any hesitation I totally agree that children can learn quickly by observing the behavior of adults and copying it. With a lot of time spent with my children, I can see how true it is through the development of my children. It is funny also at times to watch how much similar their behavior and traits to me. It is clear that the things that I do is being watched and finally being imitate and copy by my children. As a mother, it is obvious that I involved a lot with their up bringing. Having my children around me at home while doing the house chores has developed a strong bond between me and my children. I can see clearly how my behavior is being copied such as they way I showed my dissatisfaction when the house is messed. She would respond the same every time her brother makes a mess. She would also shows her understanding by sitting quietly next to her father everytime her father watches news on the television. It is clear to her that this is the time where her father would not want to be disturb. She would also put her finger on her mouth if her brother makes any noise in front of the television. A child learns most by simply paying attention to what others are doing or copying them. For instance many girls learn cooking by following her mother in kitchen. Another example is when a boy sees his father playing video games and watching TV all the time, he would prefer to do all these activities. Observation and imitating don’t work as positive always. If a child sees his father smoking or one of his family member using bad words then he would be motivated to follow it. Children are like young trees, they need to be carefully irrigated, fertilized and trimmed. Following adults and copying them is very good one for learning. But when a child figures it out his/her own, the best learning can take place. Naturally he will earn knowledge on the earth from everything. As a conclusion, it is true that children learn best by observing the behavior of adults and they try to copy it. The adults should be more cautious on what they do because the children watch their behavior and have tendency to copy and imitate them.

Kys Review Essay Example

Kys Review Paper Essay on Kys The book is amazing. Not that you can not break away from reading, no. The book makes you wonder. It would seem that the plot and it does not have, and that same Kys unknown forest creature, which nobody has ever seen, and the protagonist Benedict constantly lost in the surrounding life descriptions. But all this is not just like that, all the time In fact, I did not like Benedict and the consequences of any kind is not received, and taught literacy, and job of work is not dusty, and the master of all trades, but not in him umishka. Umok it is so small, but in the dust stale, thats a pity becomes straight and Barbara, and Nikita Kuzmich and his mother because they are all trying to do the best, Maral inculcate. But no, he was not train all used his brow knit, duckies Tapping, yes of Olenka dream By the way, Olga Benedict is very suitable -. Bright face, spit up the floor, the consequences of not. Well it turned out after a courtship that clawed and Benny himself with a tail has appeared. And what do you think? So Benny moved out of the old hut-wreck in the new tower. And there he is now such concerns as before: all slaves do. And he sits there and reads books. It would seem that little minds must grow, expand, but not as has absorbed some of hundreds of books and magazines, and even more covered with dust. But thats the idea appeared obsession: Wherever else take the dose books And here came out of it I advise you to read We will write a custom essay sample on Kys Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Kys Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Kys Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The end is ambiguous on the one hand shaken Benedict. and on the other the surviving former, which in effect throughout the book, or reminiscing about the times before the Blast, or tried to somehow restore the former order. And they did not even try soon so, kind of do: So you are not dead, or what? A .. or died .. - But to understand how to know .. ! Kys Review Essay Example Kys Review Paper Essay on Kys Entertaining work. Select the main line in the genre can not be novel. The post-nuclear explosion fantastic pot boiled mutants new and old. Still clinging to the pitiful remnants of the culture of the previous civilization. A new live currently in a post-apocalyptic world, and live perfectly ognetsami indulge, lure mice, rusty smoke, before the Greatest Murza Fyodor Kuzmich reverence. Certainly degraded, but understand: the preconditions for this dystopia is;) Juicy dremuchederevenskostaroobryadchesky language adds this parody russkoskazochnogo world identity, strengthens the goodies of the images. Funny satirical moments diluted each chapter. Multi-genre is uncertain. In general, shall be construed as your heart desires. Would you like science fiction? here you are you. Postapokalipsis? hold in two hands. Dystopia? votushki. Would you like a parody-satire? and here it is, etc. Multifaceted varied. We will write a custom essay sample on Kys Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Kys Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Kys Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer You can also discard all this cleverness, along with our life today, then Kys can be called a hymn of love for the Book, the Word, to the ABC (ABC is, not alphabetically). If you listen, you can hear how quietly booklet call us: kyyys-Kys-Kys, lets Read-Think. Do you hear them? However, we must understand that for the sake of reading Reading thoughtless and ruthless action By the way, childrens cruelty post-explosion of life (take the same game or udushalochku poskakalochki) and its untidiness that if for some reason It leaves no feeling chernushny. On the contrary, after the book is still a sense of something light and clean, although scary at heart and suddenly World Kysi eerie but cozy Of course, there are some logical inconsistencies in this book.. But they do not want to talk. Kys unusual and surprising in its fabulous woodcut, in his grotesque reflection of our real life as in a distorting mirror. It forgives everything. It is possible to train the brain, trying again and again to guess where a particular fragment or an allusion to a poem, a work rounded:. Hell, I liked it ! Kys Review Essay Example Kys Review Paper Essay on Kys Book frankly so-so (the pause during which you can throw a tomato)  «Kys. this is NOT a dystopia. Dystopia a work that represents a different point of view on society, designed to be the ideal. So in this regard, the question: To what this ideal society of the Company Kysi ? What are the features of the criticized utopia? . There is not a utopia, because Kys is not a dystopia, a parody Metamorphoses happening with the meaning of such concepts as book, of course, carry away, but nothing revolutionary (even more so -. Nothing new) are not available. At the same Eco role of literature in society (and in the life of an individual person) is described in more believable and less dramatic. A novelty is determined by the specific context in which these metamorphoses played. And now the most important thing. IMHO the popularity of this product is due to a large extent by the fact that few of the read play a computer game  «Fallout2 ». After this game, the atmosphere and the peculiar slang post-apocalyptic world no longer seem to be something new and original (say at once: on the degree of atmospheric Kys clearly losing of Fallout y). Once I figured it out (and I quickly realized) the lions share of the attractiveness of Kysi vanished from all cracks and climbed secondary. You begin to notice the logical inconsistencies and some tension in the social organization Kysi. Question: How is it possible such a society remain without a satisfactory answer. It can, of course, and it does not matter, but still We will write a custom essay sample on Kys Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Kys Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Kys Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In short: Kys does not create a single image in my mind, it is stratified into several more or less successful parodies descriptions. A parody of the intelligentsia, a parody of the cattle, a parody of the secret society, a parody of a revolution, a parody of the officials only itself Kys (the spirit of a post-apocalyptic world) attempts to link them together Unsuccessfully . Kys Review Essay Example Kys Review Paper Essay on Kys Kyyyyyyys hissing, howling, unknown forest monster Kys killer of the soul. Topochut quietly on the floor with your mouse lured the night the local currency. In the forest silently sleeping black hares, frozen on the branches. Over Fedor Kuzmichsk stretched usual winter night quiet, peaceful, snowy. About this current residents of this great city and do not have to dream. So, Muscovites? The novel enchants from the first page, thats right with the first mention of unknown Clelia and flying black birds, which is suitable for food, if they are properly soak, but boil in seven waters, but a week or two on the sun to set, but evaporate in the oven. Of course, not male and female woodcocks only! Kys swallow you in its unique rhythm, enveloped in a web of fantasy, hook hooks details and will not let go until the last page. no way to stop! Just poprivyknesh to an event, like a fat turns the plot of the path, known only to her alone and the reader, tongue hanging out, rushes for an avalanche of lines and pages on-on-on -. To the incredible end Akunins writes that I want to eat every sentence, growling and smacking lied! )) The book lacks amenities content (such heroic strong personalities the saviors of the world, or vsepoglaschayuschey love going around all the obstacles), and the world described by the writer is far from being able to be called in any way appetizing. Moreover the world after the explosions, outlined in great detail, meticulous and talented Tolstoy, scary, dirty, smelly, utterly neestetichen We will write a custom essay sample on Kys Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Kys Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Kys Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Let this novel is not the most delicious from the fact that you have ever read. or even read, but definitely it will be one of the most exotic dishes in your literary biography. And like all exotic Kys an amateur .

Effect of Overpopulation Research Paper Example

Effect of Overpopulation Research Paper Example Effect of Overpopulation Paper Effect of Overpopulation Paper When the population takes up all the places, part of the population will be left out. These people may become homeless due to limited housing. More schools, hospitals and transportation are needed. Limited land in Hong Kong cannot be developing continuously. Also, overpopulation will bring up the housing price. In order to adapt to the high rent, people are living under stress. This may lead to the increase of crimes. For example, if a man cannot afford to pay the rent, he may became a thief and steal his neighbors things to get money for the rent. Therefore, it raises the social problems such as homelessness, stress and crime. Furthermore, in the environmental view, overpopulation causes limited spaces in Hong Kong. In order to fit in the huge population, the government needs to develop the rural area into a modern city which causes environmental damage. For example, the government has to remove mountains and drain seas, cut down the trees and build up tall buildings to make more living places. These activities affect the environment and endanger many valuable animals such as the Chinese White Dolphin who hen have no place to live. Moreover, due to the cutting down of trees and suffering from the serious traffic congestion, the air quality is poor. These affect the citizens health and cause diseases. Therefore, most Hong Kong people have a weak respiratory system. A Hong Kong study showed higher levels of bronchial hyperactivity (BAR) in children living in a more polluted area. As a result, air pollution affects Hong Kong peoples health seriously. Apart from the social and environmental problems, overpopulation also brings the economic problem of unemployment. Nowadays, the high quality of education is more competitive in this global market. Each year, large amounts of students are joined into the working society. The employers have more choices to choose their ideal employees. However, the demand of jobs is larger than the job market can supply. It comes up with unemployment. Students who have no special talent or educational background may not be able to get the jobs. For example, I have a friend who only finished the high school level. He was unemployed for three years due to his low educational level. Even though he got a job, he was working for a very low salary. Thus, the unemployed cannot afford the daily expense and the economy in Hong Kong will be affected. In conclusion, overpopulation affects Hong Kong in many different ways: socially, environmentally and economically. These will cause serious problems. Since the population is increasing continuously and the land is limited, we need to solve the population overflow as soon as possible. One of the solutions is birth control. The government should create more plans to deal with the problems.

Definite and Indefinite Articles (The, A and An)

Definite and Indefinite Articles (The, A and An) Definite and Indefinite Articles (The, A and An) If English isn’t your first language, knowing when to use an article before a noun can be confusing. It can also be tricky to know which article to use. To help explain, in this post we’re looking at the definite (i.e., â€Å"the†) and indefinite (i.e., â€Å"a† and â€Å"an†) articles. The Definite Article (The) As the name â€Å"definite† suggests, we use the definite article (â€Å"the†) when referring to a particular person or object. This could be because: There is only one of something (e.g., â€Å"the President of the U.S.A.†) We’re using a superlative (e.g., â€Å"the cutest puppy†) â€Å"The† is also useful when referring to something the reader or listener is already familiar with. This might be because we’ve already mentioned or implied what it is: I read a book last week, but the story wasnt great. In this example, we use â€Å"the† in the second part of the sentence because it clearly refers back to the book mentioned in the first part. Many books. But which one is the book?(Photo: BookBabe) Similarly, we can use â€Å"the† when the context makes it clear what we’re discussing. For instance, if we say we’re â€Å"going to the gym,† this obviously implies a specific gym (i.e., the local one), not just any of the many gyms that might be available. We also use â€Å"the† when referring abstractly to every example of something with a singular noun. For instance, while we could use the plural â€Å"cats† in the sentence: Cats are furry animals. We could also say the same thing using the singular noun â€Å"cat† if we add â€Å"the† in front: The cat is a furry animal. In this case, â€Å"the cat† refers to the species â€Å"cat† in general, not to a specific cat. Cats: delightfully furry.(Photo: Patrizia08) Indefinite Articles (A and An) Also aptly named, indefinite articles are used for referring to something when it is one of many possible examples or one of a generic type. In the example above, for instance, saying that we read â€Å"a book† shows that it was one of many possible books we could have read. Likewise, if we were to say we needed â€Å"a plumber,† we’d be asking for any plumber who is available, not one specific plumber. Or toilet magician, as we like to call them.(Photo: Wonderlane/flickr) Whether to use â€Å"a† or â€Å"an,† meanwhile, depends on the sound at the beginning of the next word: If it starts with a consonant sound, use â€Å"a† (e.g., â€Å"a puppy†). If it begins with a vowel sound, you should use â€Å"an† (e.g., â€Å"an egg†). This isn’t always a matter of spelling, since some words that start with a consonant begin with a vowel sound (e.g., â€Å"an hour†), and some words that start with a vowel actually begin with a consonant sound (e.g., â€Å"a universal truth†). No Article Required Finally, keep in mind that some nouns don’t require an article in some situations. This is known as the â€Å"zero article.† Common examples include: Mass nouns and plural nouns used abstractly (e.g., â€Å"Wine is delicious†) Most proper nouns (e.g., â€Å"David is writing a blogpost†) Some forms of transport or delivery (e.g., â€Å"It was sent by mail†) Most countries and languages (e.g., â€Å"I went to China†) The zero article can be confusing, since it depends on how a word is used. For instance, while we might say we saw something â€Å"on television† (no article) when referring to television as a medium, we’d say â€Å"turn on the television† if referring to the TV set in our living room. Whats on the television?Looks like a typewriter.(Photo: The Photographer/wikimedia) Likewise, place names can be tricky, since some require â€Å"the† (e.g., â€Å"the University of Chicago†) and others don’t (e.g., â€Å"Colombia University†). Ultimately, knowing when articles are required is a matter of practice. The important thing is, therefore, to check when you’re not sure (getting your work proofread is also a good idea).

Solar energy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Solar energy - Essay Example Solar power is the transferring of sunlight into electrical energy, either directly by means of photovoltaic, or indirectly by means of concentrated solar power (CSP). CSP structures utilize â€Å"lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. PV converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect† (Chiras, 2009). Thermal mass is any substance that can be utilized to accumulate heat from the Sun. General thermal mass substances consist of ‘stone, cement and water’. In the past, they have been utilized in dry weathers or mild humid areas to keep buildings stay cool by soaking up solar energy throughout the daytime.Agriculture seeks to optimize the storage of solar energy for the yield of plants. Methods â€Å"such as timed planting cycles, tailored row orientation, staggered heights between rows and the mixing of plant varieties can improve crop yields† (Bradford, 2008). Solar sanitization can be u tilized to make salty water drinkable. The initial recorded case of this was taken place in 16th century. â€Å"A large-scale solar distillation project was first constructed in 1872 in the Chilean mining town of Las Salinas. The plant, which had solar collection area of 4,700 m2, could produce up to 22,700 L per day and operated for 40 years† (Chiras, 2009).. Solar water disinfection involves placing plastic polyethylene terephthalate bottles, filed with water, in sunlight for couple of hours. Duration of time differ according to climate and type of weather.... Thermal mass is any substance that can be utilized to accumulate heat from the Sun. General thermal mass substances consist of ‘stone, cement and water’. In the past, they have been utilized in dry weathers or mild humid areas to keep buildings stay cool by soaking up solar energy throughout the daytime. Agriculture seeks to optimize the storage of solar energy for the yield of plants. Methods â€Å"such as timed planting cycles, tailored row orientation, staggered heights between rows and the mixing of plant varieties can improve crop yields† (Bradford, 2008). Solar sanitization can be utilized to make salty water drinkable. The initial recorded case of this was taken place in 16th century. â€Å"A large-scale solar distillation project was first constructed in 1872 in the Chilean mining town of Las Salinas. The plant, which had solar collection area of 4,700 m2, could produce up to 22,700 L per day and operated for 40 years† (Chiras, 2009).. Solar water d isinfection involves placing plastic polyethylene terephthalate bottles, filed with water, in sunlight for couple of hours. Duration of time differ according to climate and type of weather from at least ‘five hours to two days’ in completely cloudy situation. It is a suggestion from the World Health Organization (WHO) as a practical way for domestic water handling as well as protected storage. More than three million people in developing nations apply this technique for their everyday drinking water. Advantages and Disadvantages Solar Energy is uncontaminated, renewable and sustainable, facilitating to safeguard the atmosphere. It does not contaminate the air by the discharge of ‘carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxide, sulphur dioxide or mercury’ into the air

Comparison between xbox one and playstation 4 Research Paper

Comparison between xbox one and playstation 4 - Research Paper Example Facing tough competitions from the rapid industrial challenges, it was vital that industry develop a new way of providing entertainment and also to maintain the tradition of playing video games. It has been viewed that today large companies like Microsoft and Sony are developing updated video games adapting new technological aspects and are also competing with one another to become the leader in the video game market. THESIS STATEMENT The paper aims to provide a detailed descriptive analysis, highlighting the major features of two video games consoles i.e. Xbox One and PS4 that would be launched soon for the public. DISCUSSION Xbox One. Xbox One is a forthcoming video game console that has been developed and manufactured by well-known multinational software company Microsoft. It is believed that the product would be released on November 22, 2013 across North America, some European countries, Australia and New Zealand and on 2014 in the rest of the world. Many critics regards this dev ice as an all-in-one entertainment system and is predicted to provide tough competitions to Sony’s well known PlayStation series (Cunningham, â€Å"Xbox One launches in 13 countries on November 22†). PlayStation 4. ... to launch on November 29 in some of the major countries in the European region (O'Brien, â€Å"PlayStation 4 hitting shelves on November 15th in the US for $399, November 29th in Europe and Latin America†). COMPARISION With the rapid globalization and technological development, it is not only automobile and service sectors that are facing tough challenges from competitors but video game manufacturer like Sony and Microsoft are also facing tough challenges with the increase in competitors in the global market. In this aspect, it has also become tough for consumers to decide which product to choose from a range of available products in the market. Below is a comparison of the two most controversial video game console that would be launched very shortly. The two consoles Xbox and PS4 are considered similar in their hardware specification, especially when it comes to the control processing unit (CPU) and Graphics processing unit (GPU). Both the company uses Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. chip for their consoles, using system on chip (SoC) as a combination component for the CPU and GPU. The processor used in these consoles is an x86 64-bit chip with 8 'Jaguar' cores which provides an estimated clock speed of 1.65GHz. Although, PS4 and Xbox One has the same AMD Radeon GPU, however, the PS4 is much powerful with an 1152 cores compared to Xbox One. Additionally, it has been identified PS4 has a higher peak shader which is 1.84 TFLOPS in comparison to that of Xbox One which is 1.23 TFLOPS (Shimpi, â€Å"The Xbox One: Hardware Analysis & Comparison to PlayStation 4†). Again, it has been viewed that both the console has 8GB of RAM. However, in this aspect Xbox One has 32MB of eSRAM that can be used as a cache memory. It is worth mentioning that when it comes to storage both the

Hammurabis Code Essay Example for Free

Hammurabis Code Essay I am going to discuss the source of Hammurabi’s Code from our book, Sources of World Societies. During this time, there were a lot of different social classes, and the rich were definitely favored more than the poor. The Code contemplates the whole population as falling into three classes, the amelu, the muskinu and the ardu. The amelu was a patrician, the man of family, whose birth, marriage and death were registered, of ancestral estates and full civil rights . In the book, Sources of World Societies, Hammurabi’s code was not the first known law code, but it is the earliest one to survive largely intact . The code deals with the family, commercial activities, and agricultural life. The laws stated in the book dealt with medical practices, explaining the phrase an â€Å"eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth,† the most common law, meaning that a person who has injured another person receives the same injury in compensation. The example used for that is Law 196, â€Å"If a man put out the eye of another man, his eye shall be put out . Hammurabi’s Code was very to the point, meaning that there was most likely a law for everything possible in a wrongdoing. For example, Law 218 states, â€Å"If a physician performed a major operation on a freeman with a bronze lancet and has caused the freeman’s death, or he opened up the eye-socket of a freeman and has destroyed the freeman’s eye, they shall cut off his hand . † I understand that the physician did mess up a crucial surgery, but I do think it’s a little outrageous to cut off his whole hand! Perhaps it would be better if he just got punished for the mistake. I do think it’s unfair that if he messed up a slave’s surgery, he received shekels of silver. Law 217 states, â€Å"If it was a freeman’s slave, the owner of the slave shall give two shekels of silver to the physician . † How messed up is that? Slaves were killed for almost every minor offense. Hammurabi’s Code consisted of around 282 Laws. Hammurabi’s Code was established around 1780 B. C . Hammurabi was the ruler who chiefly established the greatness of Babylon, the worlds first metropolis . Hammurabi had many accomplishments other than the law code. He unified Mesopotamia under Babylonian rule, and established the supremacy of the Babylonian god Marduk . Hammurabi’s Code was arranged in orderly groups, so that all men might read and know what was required of them. The code was carved upon a black stone monument, eight feet high, and clearly intended to be reared in public view. This noted stone was found in the year 1901, in a city of the Persian mountains. It begins and ends with addresses to the gods . The Code clearly stated the rules of marriage, having children, and what they were able to do with their children. For example, if a married couple got a divorce, and the woman was a â€Å"bad wife,† the Code allowed him to send her away while he got to keep the children and her dowry, or he could degrade her to the position of a slave in his own house . Women seemed to be treated poorly during this time, and men seemed to always be in charge. For example, Law 110 states, â€Å"If a sister of a god open a tavern, or enter a tavern to drink, then shall this woman be burned to death . Honestly, this one kind of shocked me a bit. Women go to taverns all the time, and if it was this day and age, it would be considered a huge crime if a woman got put to death from going to a tavern. The most common penalty was a fine, but many resulted in death. For instance, Law 2 states, â€Å"If any one bring an accusation against a man, and the accused go to the river and leap into the river, if he sink in the river his accuser shall take possession of his house. But if the river prove that the accused is not guilty, and he escape unhurt, then he who had brought the accusation shall be put to death, while he who leaped into the river shall take possession of the house that had belonged to his accuser . † This law actually makes a lot of sense. If a man is wrongly accused, then the accuser should get punished. Why should the accuser go without getting a penalty, but he should just get a fine, and not be put to death. It does seem a little weird that their letting the river determine their fate. It seemed like they had a lot of beliefs in nature, and let nature decide their fate. I have read these Code laws over and over multiple times and a few of them has made me chuckle a bit. I just think to myself, what were these people thinking?! Law 25 says, â€Å"If fire break out in a house, and some one who comes to put it out cast his eye upon the property of the owner of the house, and take the property of the master of the house, he shall be thrown into that self-same fire . † This law confused me a bit, does it mean that if the person coming to put out the fire looks at the property of where the fire is at, he must be thrown into the fire? If so, that definitely doesn’t make any sense. Law 132 states, â€Å"If the finger is pointed at a mans wife about another man, but she is not caught sleeping with the other man, she shall jump into the river for her husband . † I understand that cheating a a very wrong thing to do, but if she was not caught why should she have to jump into the river? What is she going to learn about doing such a thing. Jumping in the river probably was a big penalty back then. In conclusion, after I looked and went over Hammurabi’s Code, I have learned quite a bit about how life was lived back then. Just thinking that all of our ancestors had to go through that, and how many lives were lost for doing certain crimes that we would consider minor offenses nowadays. If our ancestors lived in the world we lived in today, they would probably think it’s so easy, when we think it’s super hard. The laws were taken very seriously and hardly went unseen. We think these laws are very outrageous and uncalled for, when in reality, they probably weren’t that big of a deal back then. I chose this source because it seemed really interesting to get to know about how the law was made back in 1800 B. C. E. It is important to understand this period of history to see how laws were even made or thought of. Every law that we have is most likely a revised version of one of Hammurabi’s Code Laws. Hammurabi’s Code informed me that early World History is very different than what it is today. This is my first time ever hearing about Hammurabi’s Code, and even learning about 1800 B. C. E. I have really enjoyed learning more about this topic.

Creating Madness in The Yellow Wallpaper -- Yellow Wallpaper essays

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As summer progresses in the story "The Yellow Wallpaper," John's treatment of the narrator as though she were a helpless docile child becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy; she sheds the skin of her adult self and gives birth to her inner child via the wallpaper. From the moment she implies she is sick, his behavior becomes more and more parental and authoritarian. Under this guise he slowly disintegrates any resemblance of an adult wife he had. At the end he's victorious because he does beget a child. Simultaneously, he's a loser because the behavior of this childlike being mirrors his own attitude toward his wife: she's defiant and assertive and runs right over him. The tables have reversed. In the beginning of the story, John laughs at her feelings about the queerness of the estate he has rented for the next three months. He acts as if her imagination has gone wild. Clearly he does not see her as his equal but as an undeveloped being who would entertain such nonsense. John "has no patience with faith" and "he scoffs openly at any talk of things not to be felt and seen" (Gilman 178). John does not have the patience to deal with a lesser being's outlook. It takes a great deal of patience for a parent to deal with the inner workings of a child's imaginative mind.    John and his brother-in-law, both physicians, refuse to believe she is really sick. Instead they assume she has "a slight hysterical tendency" (178). In their eyes depression is not an illness but a symptom of being a female. John has "forbidden her to 'work'" (179). Very often parents don't believe children when they say they are sick. Adults think that children blow things out of proportion in order to get their parents' attention. His prescription for... ...his infantile creation "had to creep over him" (191) as she escapes from the womb of the wallpaper.    Works Cited Gilman, Charlotte P. "The Yellow Wallpaper." An Introduction to Literature. Ed. Sylvan Barnett, Morton Berman, and William Burton 10th ed. New York: Harper Collins, 1993. 178-91. Golden, Catharine. "The Writing of 'The Yellow Wallpaper': A Double Palimset." Studies in Short Fiction 17 (1989): 193-201. Hume, Beverly A. "Gilman's Interminable Grotesque: The Narrator of 'The Yellow Wallpaper.'" Studies in Short Fiction 28 (1991): 477-83. Johnson, Gregg. "Gilman's Gothic Allegory: Rape and Re-demption in 'The Yellow Wallpaper.'" Studies in Short Fiction 26 (1989): 521-30. King, Jeanette, and Pam Morris. "On Not Reading Between The Lines: Models of Reading in 'The Yellow Wallpaper.'" Studies in Short Fiction 26 (1989): 23-32.   

Lago in Act 1 Scenes

Thus, by carrying out the role as a villain, he highlights the animalistic traits evident within people of the Venetian society. Although Iago is a white man who holds a fairly high status within Venetian society, he is crude and uncouth, often swearing and making references to the devil.By using he imagery of being â€Å"plague[ed] with flies†, he makes reference to the devil, which is extremely inappropriate for a man held win such high regard. Furthermore, through this example, he associates himself with darkness and evil despite being a white man-who are supposedly considered pure and heathen. Also, by using the symbolism of â€Å"an old black ram†, he again associates himself with darkness and the devil. The â€Å"old black ram† symbolises the devil, which has the connotations of being evil, dark, and terrible.Hence, making the distinction between light and darkness nclear and confusing, bringing to light the idea that darkness might be evident in light, and vice versa. Because Othello has defied his position in society as a black man by proving himself through his talents and his honourable actions, he is still discriminated by Iago, who voices out his disdain for him openly. He uses the symbolism of a â€Å"Barbary horse† to represent Othello.This is extremely demeaning to Othello, a man of royal lineage who has carried himself off with only the utmost integrity and honour. This shows hat although he has many merits and is regal in his actions and demeanour, he is still associated with the stereotype that all blacks are barbarians. Furthermore, the sibilance within â€Å"the gross clasps ofa lascivious Moor† highlights the sinister and libidinous traits that Blacks are stereotypically known to possess.This forms a disgusting impression of Othello, by simply Judging him according to his skin colour. Thus, through lagds characterisation of Othello through his ethnicity, he forms a racist impression of Othello and thus, is able to highlight the significance of one's thnicity and how difficult, if not impossible, this boundary is to surpass. By agitating Brabantio, Iago makes a fool of the high ranking senator, and this brings forth the idea that people in position of power might not be worthy of it.The run-on lines evident between â€Å"Sir, sir, sir-† and â€Å"But thou must need to be sure† shows how little Brabantio thinks of using his â€Å"spirit† and his â€Å"place† to punish Iago and Roderigo. This emphasizes the fact that people of power can carelessly make use of it to their own benefit. In Brabantio's case, he threatens to punish them as they have disturbed his rest.The triviality of their offence is mismatched with the threat that Brabantio has faced them with, showing that he has taken advantage of his power and thus, might not be worthy of it. Also, the run-on lines evident between â€Å"For thus does not think before acting. This is not appropriate for some one holding such a high position as he is expected to give thought before carrying out his actions, or the resultant effect of his carelessness might have great impact on society.Hence, Iago shows the inadequacy of Brabantio and through this, questions the significance of people's merits when being placed in power. Thus, through his mischief, Iago incites people to display their raw, animalistic traits, and displays his own as well. This results in the surfacing of problems within Venetian society that eventually accumulates to result in various tragedies. Hence, Iago is significant in masterminding the eventual tragedy, and the beginnings of this are evident in act 1 scene 1 and 2.

School Life: What I Learned

As I look back, there are multiple reason I am who I am today, but when I think about it changing to a public school my junior year really had a huge impact on my life and who I am today. It has made me independent and trust of myself, become more involved in school and learned how to balance my time. Also, switch schools, I have experienced a huge diversity of people. My first two years of high school, I attended St.Pius X, there I had gone to school ith all the same people I had known my whole life. Pius was a very small school and very easy to adapt to. After my sophomore year, I just knew something wasn’t right with me. I felt very sheltered and I felt like I wasn’t my own person, I felt myself being like everyone else. Knowing myself and what I wanted in life, I knew St. Pius was no longer the school for me. My Junior year, I switched to North Kansas City, knowing few people going in. Going through something like that, I had no friends and no one to trust myself.I had no fear going in. Being able to start completely over with no friends and no one to trust or go to I developed so much confidence in myself and knew I would adapt quickly. Still to this day, even with the close relationships I have made with people, I am still very independent. I make sure no matter what goes on in my life to take care of all of my responsibilities and this quality will come in handy in college with everything I will experience and will continue to stay successful. To help myself adapt to the change, I became as involved as I possibly could.I joined clubs, did volunteer work and also played three sports all while maintaining a job. Being this involved I was nervous I would become overwhelmed and thought it would be easy to loose my focus with academics but I knew that I couldn’t let that happen. My grades really improved and I was able to manage all of my activities and always get my school work done. This will definitely benefit me in college because I k now that I will be as involved as possible and that i will still maintain the motivation to get ll my work done and take care of every single of my responsibilities I develop in college. North Kansas City is not only a bigger school that I am used to, but also a very diverse school. We represent people from about thirty six different countries. I have developed close relationships with people from places I have never even heard of. At North Kansas City high school there are so many opportunities, every individual person seems like they have found comfort there. I know I have found many things to be involved in.When I get in college I know there will be people all over the world and for most it will be a huge culture shock. Being surrounded by people with different backgrounds and all walks of life and my experience with going to one of the most diverse schools in the country will help me understand people and where they are all coming from. As much as I miss my old friends and old l ife, in the end I am so happy with the change. The self trusting, time management skills and experience to a very diverse school is what is best for me in the future, not only in college but in my career after college as well.

Bullovh Hall essays

Bullovh Hall essays Seeing the Bulloch hall for first time, more than a historic building I felt it as something bright and pure and radiating. Just a glance at it turns our memories to about two hundred year back when the only way to escape cold winter was a warm fireplace and transportation was hand?oared boats and wagons. This same hall was the girlhood home of Mitte Bulloch, mother of the 26th president Theodore Roosevelt and grandmother of First Lady, Eleanor Roosevelt. Major James Stephen Bulloch, one of Roswell's first settlers and the grandson of Governor of Archibald Bulloch built the Bulloch hall in 1840. More than calling it a hall it should be called the Bulloch home, because it shows all the characters of a comfortable home. The entrance of this hall draws our attention to the long hallway lying across the house connecting all rooms and stairs. The first room from the hallway is the parlor which has an old, royal piano and a huge fireplace (the house altogether has 11 fireplaces). There are big huge windows in the parlor that lets the sunrays come through. The next was the dinning room, which was decorated by silverware from that period. The most wonderful thing that we see throughout this house is its furniture. The dinning table is a big one with a formal dinner set laid out there. A warming room right adjacent to the dinning room is the last room on the right of the hallway. On the left side of the hallway is the nursery room, which has a rocking chair and a riding pony from that time. On the other side of the master bedroom is the library, which is facing the grassy pastures before the house giving the reader a sense of relief and a good environment to read. The hallway then takes us upstairs to the family bedroom. Mitte's room is next to the family bedroom with lot of her personal items still preserved. There is a small sewing room whose floor is more inlaid compared to other rooms on that floor, probably to keep child...

Decimal Degrees Versus Minutes, Seconds

Decimal Degrees Versus Minutes, Seconds When you hear about metric measurements, usually you are bombarded with terms denoting length, height or volume, depending on your industry. Outside of formal schooling, you almost never hear about the geographical side of measurement - specifically, those ever-present invisible lines of latitude and longitude. This article will explore how some metrics are shown in geographical terms, who uses traditional Degrees/Minutes/Seconds, and what the future may hold.   A Brief History of U.S. Metrics Originating in France in the 1790s, the metric system (officially known as SI, short for Le Systeme International dUnites) grew in popularity due to increasing global commerce. Through trade with Europe, the U.S. awareness of metrics trickled into existence, eventually prompting Congress to permit its use in 1866. It was legal but voluntary. The first official legislation concerning metric conversion was passed by Congress in 1974, adding metrics to our elementary and secondary education curriculum. One year later (in 1975), Congress passed the Metric Conversion Act, declaring that the U.S. federal government should use metrics as its preferred measurement system, as evidenced by a box sitting in my cubicle whose labeling instructions tell of letters that must be 3.81cm (1.5 inches) high. The nutritional information on any package of food is also a good example, showing grams (instead of ounces) of fat, carbs, vitamins, etc. Ever since its beginnings, the U.S. government has striven to promote and stabilize metrication, with limited results: mostly those in the sciences, military, engineering, manufacturing and other technical fields use the metric system. The general public, however, continues to show comparatively overwhelming disinterest in adopting grams, litres, and meters over the traditional ounces, quarts, and feet. The United States is the only remaining industrialized country whose general population does not use metrics as its primary measurement system. Metrics and Geography Despite the average American laypersons apathy for metrics, those of us who use geographic coordinates on a daily basis see plenty of evidence that decimals are out in full force. On any given day Ill see a few handfuls of engineering site surveys (and sometimes other data) come across my desk, 98% of which have a decimal somewhere in the latitude or longitude. As technology has developed over the years, allowing more accurate measurements, the number of ways that we geography people get to read those coordinates has increased. The three most popular types of Lat/Lon displays are: Traditional degrees/minutes/seconds (D/M/S), usually with decimal secondsDegrees with decimal minutes, no secondsDecimal degrees, no minutes, no seconds Doing the Math No matter how you choose to display them, any converted coordinates will get you to the same point, basically - its simply a matter of preference. If you are one of those people who grew up learning only D/M/S like me, you might break into a cold sweat the first time you see the second or third decimal variations (bulleted above), if only from the memory of your high school algebra classes. But fear not, for there are a boatload of conversion programs and websites that will do the math for you. A majority of these sites convert between D/M/S and decimal degrees, leaving out the less popular but still available decimal minutes. There are other sites for those who dont mind/enjoy algebra, or who are naturally intrepid souls and simply wish to brave the longhand algebraic equations. If you are ready to break out the Texas Instruments calculator and go for it, you might try the Montana Natural Resource Information System, which shows conversion equation examples, but also has an automatic converter.   Finally Rubbing Off? Within the past few years, more and more Americans seem to be warming up to the concept and have begun using decimals in their everyday lives. Certainly, the growing number of metric labels on many foods, drinks, health care, cleaners and other various products are clear indicators that the average American consumer should probably start learning to accept decimal numbers. This goes for geography as well. GPS unit sales to the nonmilitary population are on the rise and most (if not all) GPS units display a location using decimals. One can expect hiking, boating, driving, or any other type of navigational information to be in this same format, no matter the scale, map projection, or elevation. As the rest of the world moves forward with metric standards, the United States government will most likely feel more pressure (especially from Europe) to go totally metric for global trading purposes. Once the population finally accepts that change is coming, decimal numbers will be even more abundant and it will filter down through every aspect of American industry. Don't Panic For those hikers, boaters, drivers, orienteering students, land surveyors and others who may be used to using only D/M/S, dont worry. The conversions are out there, and its easier than you think to get results from them. Latitude and longitude lines certainly arent going anywhere - well always have those to rely on - so for now, get ready and warm up that calculator! Len Morse earned a B.S. in Geography from Towson State University and has been with the FAA for approximately 14.61 years.

The Effects of Equal Employment oppertunity legislation Research Paper

The Effects of Equal Employment oppertunity legislation - Research Paper Example The Act intended to eliminate discrimination in all areas of life overcoming the past unequal orthodox social set up. For the enforcement of these laws Congress established the enforcement authority EEOC (Equal Employment Opportunities Commission). The laws currently enforced by the EEOC include Title VII of the Civil Right Act 1964, the amendment which appears in volume 42 of the US code. It prohibits employment discrimination based on color, race, religion, sex and national origin. Other laws related to the EEO legislation are Equal Pay Act of 1963, Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967, Americans with disabilities act of 1990, Civil Rights Act of 1991, Rehabilitation Act of 1973. The laws cover all areas of possible discriminations like age, disability, national origin, race, religion, sex, and also ensure the prevention of sexual harassment and retaliation. The laws also insist to implement equal payment system with out any discrimination (Federal Equal Employment Opportunity (EEO) Laws). All these legislations brought about drastic changes in US labor market. The enforcement of these la ws has altered the social context of hiring, firing and promoting. It covers all areas of employee – employer relationship from advertising, open position through termination or retirement. The law insists that the disabled also must be given opportunities based on their education and other skills. The EEO legislation has proved how the diversity qualities like age, race, religion, sex etc. can be utilized by an organization as their support of business objectives. Teams or organizations with greater diversity enjoy the availability of a richer set of ideas, perspectives and approaches to deal a business issue. Many employers today get benefited by the talented segments of work force in the competitive global economy. Diversity provides the possibility for greater innovation and

Discuss the military strategy of the North from 1861 to the end of Essay

Discuss the military strategy of the North from 1861 to the end of 1862. How successful was this strategy - Essay Example Even though this strategy led to numerous casualties, it was instrumental in grounding the Southern forces. The North strategy was good to an extent that it diminished any possibility of foreign intervention, particularly from the Great Britain (Bradford, 2010). Finally, it is important to look at how successful the North strategy was. To a greater extent, historians and military strategists agree that the strategy applied by the North from 1861 to the end of 1862 was successful. Martin (2003) argues that this view is informed by the outcomes of the strategy. It is considered successful because it made the Southerners to lose morale because they were constantly exhausting their efforts by being prepared to fight without actually doing so. This strategy saw the North destroying vital transportation routes of the Southerners, a strategy that was effective in ensuring that they won the war (Bradford,

Language ,culture and knowledge Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Language ,culture and knowledge - Coursework Example ould thoroughly explore the importance of language in our society if we want to gain an accurate understanding or appreciation of the social change mechanisms which we observe working all around us. Basically, language is an indispensable element of human communication and is a vital component of all forms of society and culture. It is an open and multifaceted structure that enables change, adaptation, and progress (Agha, 2007). It can be conveyed or passed on in a number of ways—verbally and non-verbally. Language is important to culture and society, with human beings making use of it not only to communicate or express themselves, but also to relate to a specific cultural or social group (Agha, 2007). Language is a medium of expression and enables an individual to take part in community or societal affairs. It may be used as an instrument to build and sustain a democratic society. It is also vital as shared human achievements and continuing expressions of human innovation and creativity. This is supported by the rationale of UNESCO for language conservation that the world’s languages embody a remarkable fortune and array of human ingenuity (Agha, 2007). They comprise and convey the overall traditions and wisdom cultivated over time through rituals and heritage passed on through native languages. In essence, our culture and society are preserved or continue to exist because of language. I have heard the programme of UNESCO and strongly agree to their efforts to preserve the world’s languages because, as already mentioned, language is the vessel and the medium of traditions that uphold culture and society. Furthermore, language can create opportunities, facilitate social mobility, and endow power. Some scholars compellingly claim that in several aspects, language is power. A society’s linguistic status generally reveals its power structure, since language is a potent mechanism of social control. In my experience, it is true that those speakers of minority

Care Of Clients With Mental Health Problems

Care Of Clients With Mental Health Problems This essay will look at the relationship between schizophrenia and bio psycho social issues it will also explore the concept of recovery and also look at some of the approaches that are used to promote the recovery process. The National Health Service (2005) describes schizophrenia as a mental illness with substantial short and long term consequences for individuals, family, health and clinical services and society. One in hundred people experience schizophrenia in their lifetime with highest incidence of the disease in late teens and early 20s. People with schizophrenia suffer distress and long term disability and there is a lot of accompanied stigma and prejudice involved with the disease that can have negative effects on employment, relationships and life satisfaction. A persons family is completely destroyed with schizophrenia and carers and family members also carry the burden of the disease and caring the person for a long time. Schizophrenia is a severe mental disorder characterized by profound disruptions in thinking, affecting language, perception and thee sense of self. It often includes psychotic experiences, such as hearing voices or delusion. It can impair functioning through the loss of an acquired capability to earn a livelihood or the disruption of studies (WHO, 2009) Schizophrenia is not caused by one single factor but a combination of different factors these factors are biological, psychological and social. This is what is known as the bio psycho social model of schizophrenia (Santrock, 2007). There are thought to be many causes of schizophrenia one of these are genetic factors. Riley Kendler (2006) state that 70% of people who develop schizophrenia have a relative who has schizophrenia, the closer the relation the more likely a person is to get the disease if a person has an identical twin with schizophrenia they have a 50% chance of developing schizophrenia. There is a genetic component to schizophrenia which means someone may be predisposed to developing schizophrenia but it does not mean that they are pre-determined to develop the illness. Biological factors can include age or a virus and environmental factors for example life stressors can trigger an onset of schizophrenia. Stressful life events that occur can include having a baby, losing a job, moving house or losing someone who is close but not everyone who goes through these stressful situations will be diagnosed with schizophrenia as some people can handle stressful situations better than other people will. Risk factors may be different for different individuals while one person may develop schizophrenia due largely to a strong family history of mental illness (e.g. a high level of genetic risk), someone else with much less genetic vulnerability may also develop the disease due to a combination of pre-pregnancy factors, pregnancy factors, social and family stress or environmental factors that they experience during their childhood, teen or early adult years. This suggests that individuals possess different levels of vulnerability to schizophrenia, which are determined by a combination of biological, social and/or psychological factors. It is proposed that vulnerability to schizophrenia will result in the development of problems only when environmental stressors are present (Riley Kendler, 2006). If the vulnerability of an individual is sufficiently high, relatively low levels of environmental stress might be sufficient to cause problems. If the vulnerability is much less, problems wil l develop only when higher levels of environmental stress are experienced (NHS report, on Schizophrenia 2005). In mental health recovery has a lot of different definitions and does not always refer to a person having complete recovery from mental health problems in the same way that a person can fully recover from having physical health problems. A person not only has to recover from the distress and trauma of psychotic experiences they also have to deal with social exclusion, discrimination, stigma, loss of position in society, feelings of hopelessness, possible forced hospitalisation and the trauma of receiving a diagnosis. The National Institute of Mental Health (2009) suggests that there is no single meaning of the concept of recovery for people with mental health problems, but the easiest way to explain the recovery model is one of hope and that it is possible for a persons meaningful life to be restored, despite serious mental illness. Recovery is often referred to as a process, outlook, vision, and conceptual framework or guiding principle (Watkins, 2007). The Mental Health foundation (2007) state that the recovery process should provide a holistic view of mental illness that focuses on the person as a whole and not just their symptoms. They also believe that recovery from severe mental illness is possible and it is a journey rather than a destination but it does not necessarily mean getting back to where a person was before their diagnosis recovery will happen in fits and starts and, like life it has many ups and downs, calls for optimism and commitment from all concerned, is very much influenced by peoples expectations and attitudes requiring a well organised support system this can be from family, friends or professionals it also requires mental health service providers to accept and take on new ways of working. Recovery highlights that while people may not have full control over their symptoms, they can have full control over their lives. According to the National Institute of Mental Health recovery is not about getting rid of mental health problems. It is about being able to help people beyond their problems helping the person to be able to recognise and develop the opportunities that connect their abilities, interests and dreams. Mental illness and social attitudes such as stigma that still surrounds mental illness can often impose restrictions on people experiencing ill health (Hinshaw, 2007). Recovery looks past these restrictions to help people achieve their objectives. A care pathway is an outline of anticipated care, placed in an appropriate timeframe, to help a patient with a specific condition or set of symptoms move progressively through a clinical experience to positive outcomes. The Department of Health Dual Diagnosis Practice Guide (2002) state that someone with dual diagnosis Schizophrenia and substance misuse issues will have an integrated care pathway as their care can be complex as there is likely to be multi agency involvement. The Summary of Assessments of Risk and Need (SARN) is a tool designed to be used in mental health services for describing service users needs for care. (Self et al 2008). It provides a brief description of the needs of people entering into Mental Health services or presenting with a possible need for change in a care plan. It was developed to aid in the process of establishing a classification of service users based on their needs so that appropriate service responses could be developed both at the individual and service level. It allows professionals from a range of backgrounds to summarise their assessments in a shared format. Thus it provides a common language for describing health states and related social conditions and improves communication between different users including service users themselves (National Health Service, 2009). There are several strategies used to promote the recovery process and these can include pharmacological interventions, CBT, family therapy. Those who have family benefit most if their families are well informed about the illness have support and skills to deal with the ill family member. Social skills training, vocational assistance and environmental modification help support recovery because if someone is in control of their finances have a job that they can go to this is likely to help with their personal growth and their self esteem. Cognitive behavior therapy can help reduce the distress and disability caused by symptoms of schizophrenia. Improve understanding and self management, reduce the risk of further relapse, improve mood and self esteem it involves client as an active participant in treatment. NICE guidelines (2009) state that psychological interventions should play a key role in the treatment of schizophrenia and that the best evidence is for CBT and family intervention. NICE guidelines now explicitly recommend CBT to be offered as a treatment option and family interventions should be available to families who are living with someone with psychosis or who are in close contact with someone with psychosis. CBT offers a collaborative approach ensures client is at the centre of care and is an active participant in decisions about treatment; this enhances engagement with services (Freeman Felgoise, 2005). Motivational interviewing was originally developed as a treatment for drugs and alcohol addiction. However, it is now used with clients with psychosis to enhance compliance with medication (Rollnick Miller, 2002). It is also used for clients with a dual diagnosis of drug or alcohol use and psychosis (Haddock et al, 2002). Motivational interviewing is based on the theory of stages of change or cycle of change (Proschaska Diclemente, 1982). According to Rollnick Miller (2002) the different stages of change are; In pre-contemplation the person does not acknowledge a problem exists. In contemplation the person is ambivalent they are in two minds about what they want to do. In action the person is preparing and planning for change. When they are ready the decision to change is made and it becomes all consuming. In maintenance the change has been introduced into the persons life. Some support may still be needed through the maintenance stage. Lapse is a temporary return to old unhelpful thoughts, feelings or behaviours. Relapse is a full return to the old behaviour. Lapse and relapse are viewed as natural part of the Cycle of Change and do not assume failure. It does not mean that lapse or relapse is desirable or even always to be expected. It simply means that change is difficult, and it is unreasonable to expect anyone to be able to change a habit perfectly without any slip ups (Rollnick Miller, 2002). When a relapse o ccurs, several trips through the stages may be necessary to make lasting changes. Each time the person is encouraged to review, reflect and learn from their slip ups. Rollnick and Miller (2002), state that motivational interviewing is especially effective when clients are either in the pre-contemplation or contemplation stages. Relapse rates in psychosis are extremely high, even if people stay on their medication so it is always good practice to work closely with the client and their family and list early warning signs (Witkiewitz Marlatt, 2007). This can lead to an action plan that can be implemented to help spot signs of relapse. Once a list of early warning signs has been completed a detailed action plan can be drawn up this will usually include, which the client and their family should do if signs of relapse are spotted. These plans can include what services should respond to the client and families concerns and give a list of available resources e.g. extra medication, phone numbers to call in crisis. Doing this can be empowering for both the client and their family it can enhance the relationship between them and mental health services giving them more control over their treatment and also enables them to feel supported in practical ways (Witkiewitz Marlott, 2007) . As with all therapies there is always problems the main ones associated with CBT and motivational interviewing are initial engagement, encouraging people to talk about their symptoms and problems, funding, time limitations and resources and ensuring that skilled mental health workers have sufficient training in carrying out these therapies. Being diagnosed with schizophrenia shouldnt mean that a person cant live a full and happy life. With the right help and advice and continuing support from mental health services a person who suffers from schizophrenia should be able to work, build relationships and live a normal life just like anyone else. According to Mind (2009) this is due to a better understanding of schizophrenia the introduction of more effective medications and the increasing use of therapeutic interventions.

Origin of the Number Zero Essay -- systems, number, cultures, symbols

As ancient numerical systems came to be and evolved over time, so did the number zero. Zero did not seem to be an obvious start to the natural numbers to the mathematicians who pioneered the different number systems of the past. Having a symbol that meant basically â€Å"nothing† appeared in a few cultures but usually long after the initial creation of the culture’s number system and sometimes was a controversial idea. (Textbook) The delay in adding zero to the number systems was most likely because in most cultures the earliest number systems were additive. This meant that they had symbols to represent certain numbers and merely added them all together to achieve the desired number. The symbols could be arranged in any order. This type of system did not require a symbol to represent zero in order to make any other numbers. Such systems are limited and eventually evolved into systems where the position of the symbols in a number changed its meaning. These positional systems are part of what created a need for a â€Å"place holder† symbol, which later would become the number zero. (Textbook, scientificamerican.com article) For example, the Egyptian’s Hieroglyphic number system was additive and had no zero symbol. It dated back as far is 3500 B.C. and is one of the earliest known number systems. This system used pictures to represent the numbers 1, 10, 100, 1000, etc. Since order did not matter, the Egyptians did not even need a symbol to represent an empty space. Eventually the Egyptians created their hieratic system. The Hieratic was a more difficult system with more symbols (1-10, 20, 30, etc.) but still did not employ a symbol to represent zero as a number. There is evidence that Egyptians used their symbol for â€Å"good† ... ... small circle was used for the number zero. (Kaplan) Independently, the Mayans created multiple symbols for the number zero in their vigesimal (base 20) number system. The Mayan culture was at its peak from 300 B.C. to 900 A.D. and during this time there are many examples of glyphs used to represent zero. The most common was a stylized shell. Others included faces, animals, flowers, and different types of shells. (Kaplan) The number zero now has many uses besides being the smallest natural number. It is used in set theory, logic (0 is used as the truth value for false), category theory, etc. Its position as the origin in graphs and number lines is essential to bridge the gap between negative and positive numbers. It is obvious that without it mathematics as we know it would not exist and though its creation seemed to have been delayed it was inevitable.

Discuss and Provide Solutions on Inflation, Unemployment, Distribution of Income and Balance of Payments in the S.A. Context

PROGRAMME:MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS SURNAME:FIELIES FIRST NAME/S:MICHEAL CECIL STUDENT NUMBER:MBA109062 E-MAIL:[email  protected] net POSTAL ADDRESS:23 Altenburg Street Highbury KUILSRIVERCODE:7580 CONTACTS: (Home):021 903-6904 (Work):021 904-5802 (Mobile):084 688 7147 LECTURER: I hereby confirm that the assignment submitted herein is my own original work. Signature of Student: Date:18 May 2009 TABLE OF CONTENT Page Number Overview†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 A. Addressing Inflation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦3 Definition of Inflation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 3 Types of Inflation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Inflation influencing SA the most †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦6 Solutions for inflation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦7 B. Addressing unemployment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 8 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 8 Define unemployment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 Different types of unemployment And the causes thereof†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 8 Solutions to unemployment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 11 Addressing Income Distribution amongst different sections of the population†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12 Measurement of income distributio n†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12 General causes of differences in income distribution †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 12 Domestic demand for labour†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 Domestic supply for labour†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 13 Foreign demand and supply for labour†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 13 Skill-biased technological causes†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 13 Specific causes in the SA context†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 14 How can this be addressed†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 15 Affirmative action†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 16 Basic condition of e mployment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 16 D. Addressing the Balance of Payment Deficit†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 17 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 17 Deficit on the Current Account of the Balance of payment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 17 Deficit on the Financial Account of the Balance of payment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 18 Actions to reduce a substantial Financial account deficit†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 18 E. Surviving the current economic crunch/turmoil †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 19 Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 19 Global recession†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 19 Causes of global recession†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 19 How far has SA weathered the recession†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 19 What can be done to weather the recession†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦.. 20 Monetary policy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 20 Fiscal policy†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 20 Inflationâ₠¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 20 Export/Imports†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 20 F. Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 21 G. Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 22 OVERVIEW South Africa's economic growth performance and outlook has been affected by global developments such as the global recession starting in the US and escalating oil prices in the middle-east causing cost-push inflation and has been revised downwards. In fact, these challenges have moved in tandem with international economic indicator trends and are exacerbated by supply side problems, including domestic unemployment, inflation rates beyond the Reserve Bank targets of between 3 and 6%, skills shortages, a globally less-than-competitive industry, climate change and its negative impact on agriculture and water supplies and a volatile rand. High food and energy prices have been major contributors to consumer price inflation. Increased food prices, together with a shortage of staple foods, have resulted in food stock levels being the lowest in years and therefore creating high food insecurity amongst the poorer section of our communities. In the light of these economic conditions both internally and externally this policy statement framework has been produced. A. ADDRESSING INFLATION INTRODUCTION Many experiences and authors of economic books shape my concept of inflation. I would in the light of my understanding ascribe inflation as a consequence of human indiscretion due to wants and not of needs. People always have an insatiable desire for more and more goods that are describe by many as the economic problem. When I draw up my policy framework for the performance of the economy I will address and prioritize the following issues namely price stability (control inflation), full employment, balance of payments, equitable distribution of income in order to stimulate economic growth. DEFINITION OF INFLATION Mike Moffatt[1] defines inflation as an increase in the price of a basket of goods and services that is representative of the economy as a whole. A similar definition of inflation can be found in Economics by Parkin and Bade[2]: Inflation is an upward movement in the average level of prices. Its opposite is deflation, a downward movement in the average level of prices. The boundary between inflation and deflation is price stability. Also according to McConnell, (2002: 146) inflation is a rise in the general level of prices. Thus according to McConnell inflation does not mean the increase in price level of one or two items but increase in price level of goods and services in general. But Mohr and Fourie (2008:474) state inflation as the continuous and considerable rise in prices in general. As what can be seen from both definitions are (a) in general (b) rise of prices. But Mohr and Fourie go further and define inflation as a neutral definition without specific causes. However in many instances authors will describe inflation as excessive increases in money supply, etc. Which can be causal definitions. Also Mohr and Fourie will further state that nflation is a process and also concerns continuous and considerable increases in prices in general. Therefore then, one can agree with the definition of Mohr & Fourie: Inflation is a continuous and considerable rise in prices in general. TYPES OF INFLATION In an article â€Å"What is inflation: Five types of inflation defined† by Tom Au[3], Tom argues for the following types of inflation namely (i) commodity inflation, (ii) wage inflation, (iii) monetary inflation, (iv) fiscal inflation and (v) foreign exchange inflation. I would also argue that these types of inflation constitute the â€Å"major† types of inflation in SA. However these types of inflation can be divided and sub-divided into smaller units and subunits. For the purpose of this writing I would consider the broad divisions as sufficient. (i)Commodity Inflation Commodity products such as petroleum are in many cases a reason for an inflationary spiral. Other commodities could also contribute to this type of inflation such as other metals and other solid raw materials such as copper, coal, etc. Commodity inflation, better known as cost-push inflation, refers for example to a surge in the oil price – which obviously has nothing to do with domestic consumer demand. It concerns prices set on global markets over which the Central Bank has no control. The petrol price that stems from the cost of a barrel of oil thereby creates a volatile escalation of prices of goods and services because the increase in cost for a barrel of oil is transferred to the cost of production and eventually to the cost of consumer products. For example last year in June 2008 the petrol price went up by 50 cents a litre after a 55-cent increase in April 2008. The price of unleaded petrol in Gauteng increased to 996 cents a litre and to 972 cents a litre at the coast. Diesel went up 0,05 percent; sulphur went up by 71 cents, the wholesale paraffin price increased by 71 cents. [4] Even though at that point in time the country struggled with escalating food and power prices we had another fuel price increase. The consequence of the escalating prices of petroleum and thus oil and other fuel prices caused the price of everything else to go up and thus commodity induced inflation. ii) Wage Inflation It is my estimation that the type of inflation that has the largest impact on inflation is wage inflation or in other words demand-pull inflation. Employees become aware of the rising prices and demand more money in the form of higher wages. There are numerous examples of wage strikes in South Africa. For example Barbara Slaughter[5] reports â€Å"The longest public service strike in South African history. The dispute began on June 1, when workers from 17 unions took all-out strike action in support of a demand for a wage increase of 12 percent across the board. The strike involved 700,000 workers—professional, skilled and unskilled. It received widespread support amongst the rest of the working class in South Africa. On June 13, 2007, hundreds of thousands of municipal workers took part in a one-day solidarity action in support of the strike. They included taxi and bus drivers, electricity and cleaning workers, and administrative workers from border posts and airports. On that day, all the major cities in South Africa were brought to a standstill because of mass demonstrations in support of the public service workers’ strike†. Eugene Puryear reports in his website about the same strike as â€Å" Nearly  one million hospital and education workers have been on strike†[6]. This is only one example of the impact of a wage strike on the economy of the country. How many labor hours have gone lost which impact on production and could cause a lowering in the GDP of the country. If inflation could also be defined as too much money chase to few products, then this wage strike cause a reduction on production and thus inflation. iii) Monetary Inflation It can happen that the Reserve Bank governor refuses to increase the interest rates whilst the cost of living is high. Thereby causing too much money floating the economy and people maintain demand for goods whereas the supply is not sufficient for demand causing the cost of goods to rise. There can be much confusion between cost-push and demand-pull inflation. It is noted by some business reporters like Greta Steyn that Mr. Tito Mboweni did not â€Å"recognize† the before mentioned types of inflation therefore blaming the increase in inflation to commodity inflation and asserted that inflation is caused by the foreign global economy and not domestic demand-pull inflation. Mr. Mboweni indicated that his interest rate action (increase prime rate) had already done enough to curb demand. However he did not raise enough on interest rates implying a relatively low interest rate that causes yet a strong demand for goods and thereby not curbing inflation further. The inflation rate currently is 8. 5% at present well outside 3 – 6% target. iv) Fiscal Inflation Fiscal inflation is caused when government spending exceeds revenues. Overspending cause a deficit on the balance of payments. The deficit however must be recovered by most probably the increase in income tax of public and private sectors. During the current crisis in 1996, the government introduced the GEAR strategy. GEAR’s key element are reduced government spending, also the rate of inflation, with the view to encourage private investment, economic growth, and thereby job creation. But the government reduced the budget deficit from 4,6% in 1996 to 2,6% in 2000. The average reduction over this period is 3,1%. But when government spending drop private investment spending was expected to be 11,7% by the year 2000. However private investment average a mere 1,2%. If government does not spent and private sector default on spending the result will be unemployment, economic instability as well political vulnerability. Under these conditions there will be civil demands for higher wages that could be inflationary. It is said by some that a war increase government spending. If this is the case then we wage war against ourselves in this country. (v) Foreign Exchange Inflation Foreign exchange inflation happens when the local currency falls dramatically against other world currencies, thereby sharply raising the price of imported goods and hence the overall price level. INFLATION INFLUENCING SOUTH AFRICAN ECONOMY THE MOST The three most volatile types of inflation that influence the South African economy is Wage Inflation, Commodity Inflation and Foreign exchange inflation. As seen from the examples government spending has definitely slowed down in order to decrease the deficit and thus lifting the burden on tax payers to food the bill. So for the interim fiscal inflation is kept under control. The Reserve Bank by means of monetary policy is in â€Å"control† of the money supply in the economy. If you increase money supply faster i. e. lowering the prime rate, than your economy grows, you will have too much money chasing too few goods. The price of goods will therefore increase. Thus an increase in inflation. Therefore to stabilize inflation you have to reduce the money supply and thus increase the prime-lending rate. Monetary inflation is a function of the Reserve Bank and within the control of the Governor of the Reserve Bank by means of monetary policy. SOLUTIONS FOR INFLATION 1. Contractionary Fiscal Policy If the government looks to fiscal policy to control inflation its options are (i) decrease government spending (ii) raise taxes or (iii) some combination of the two policies. (i) Decrease government spending To control demand-pull inflation the government should reduce government spending. Reduction in government spending reduces aggregate demand and thereby halts demand-pull inflation. (ii)Raise taxes By raising taxes the deposable income of consumers is reduced thereby decreasing aggregate demand, which is anti-inflationary. (iii) Combination of Decrease government spending and Raising taxes As can be expected a combination of the two may have a quicker anti-inflationary effect on consumer spending. 2. Monetary Policy The monetary policy committee is given an inflation target by the government, which is between 3% and 6%. The tool that is used by the reserve bank is to use interest rates to achieve this inflation target. Increase interest rates will help reduce the growth of aggregate demand in the economy. A reduction in aggregate demand will slow down growth and will induce a decrease in inflation rate. 3. Exchange rate policy This policy is used to keep the value of the Rand high. Resulting in a favourable market for imports. The price for imported goods will be expensive and when companies apply investment spending the cost will be transferred to the consumer. This tool to reduce inflation is not very useful because it can cause a recession. . Disposing of surpluses When the economy faces demand-pull inflation, fiscal policy should move toward a government budget surplus i. e. tax revenues in excess of government spending. But the anti-inflationary effect of the surplus depends on what the government does with it. I would suggest to the government to impound the surplus. When a surplus is impounde d the government is extracting and withholding purchasing power from the economy. Thus, there is no chance that the surplus fund will create inflationary pressure to offset the anti-inflationary impact of the Contractionary fiscal policy. B. ADDRESSING UNEMPLOYMENT INTRODUCTION According to Mohr & Fourie the second macro economic objective is full employment. However in theory full employment can be accomplished but in reality government spending and tax collection is never equal. Therefore when government is dealing with a deficit budget (government spending in excess of tax revenues) the economy is at a down turn since aggregate demand slow down and thus GDP also drops with the result of unemployment. Thus this macro economic evil must be understood in its broader sense. In this writing I will deal with the definition for unemployment then describe the different types of unemployment, the causes of unemployment, types of SA unemployment and solutions to unemployment. DEFINE UNEMPLOYMENT â€Å"Prior to 1994, the strict definition was used by Stats SA to estimate unemployment in South Africa, with the result that the official estimates were generally regarded as being too low. Stat SA subsequently switched to the expanded definition, but some observers (including the International Labour Office) regarded the new official estimates as being too high. In June 1998 Stats SA reverted to using the strict definition as the official definition, although estimates based on the expanded definition are also published. † (Mohr & Fourie, 2002:498) Statistics South Africa defines unemployment (strict definition) as those in the economically active population – (aged 15 to 65) and are either employed or seeking work, – who: i. Have not worked during the last seven days prior to being interviewed; ii. Want to work and are available to start work within a week of the interview by Stats SA; iii. Have taken active steps to look for work or to provide themselves with self-employment in the four weeks preceding the interview. However the expanded definition omits requirement (iii) because many unemployed people become discouraged after several attempts to look for employment. [7] DIFFERENT TYPES OF UNEMPLOYMENT AND THE CAUSES THEREOF The basic distinction of unemployment is between voluntary and involuntary unemployment. But the unemployment rate is expressed as the percentage of the labour force (people who are willing and able to work) that cannot find a job. Thus in reality there is only involuntary unemployment. Those that prefer by own volition to be without work cannot be regarded as unemployed. In economy the usual distinction amongst types of unemployment is between frictional unemployment, seasonal unemployment, structural unemployment and cyclical unemployment. (i)Frictional unemployment Frictional unemployment exists because of lags between workers leaving one job and taking up another and because there are times of the year when many new workers (e. g. school-leavers) enter the labour market. In these circumstances there is some delay in finding them all jobs. (ii)Seasonal unemployment Seasonal unemployment arises because certain occupations require workers only for part of each year e. g. picking and processing of food and vegetables and tourist regions that are busy during peak seasons. (iii)Structural unemployment Structural unemployment is caused by changes in the structure of an industry as a result of changes in technology or tastes. For example increasing automation in manufacturing industry, encouraged by recent developments in computer technology, has made many skills obsolete. Thus whole communities may become unemployed until new skills have been acquired. (iv)Cyclical unemployment Cyclical (or demand-deficiency) unemployment happens when there is a decline in the economy as a result of a lack of demand. A lack of demand curbs production and therefore management will try to cut costs by laying off workers, but only until demand increases then workers will be asked to come back. (v)Apart from the above mentioned causes of unemployment the following should also be mentioned In today’s economy unemployment has a variety of causes. Nevertheless some of them relate to the general level of economic activity while others are the result of a failure in the labour market in an economy to work optimally. Mohr & Fourie indicates that South African unemployment rate in the past two decades originated from the supply side of the labour market as well as from the demand side. Supply side Every year the number of school leavers are added to the labour force. Thus the growth of the labour force exceeds the demand post by the economy. The economy can absorb only a certain amount of workers especially when the growth in GDP is not sufficient to provide in jobs for the new entrants into the labour market. When the growth in the labour force is greater than the number of the opportunities, unemployment sets in. Demand side During a slump in the economy the price level of goods is high i. e. inflation is increasing. Goods and services are expensive and leads to workers demand a higher wage. In order to cut production costs and thereby keep companies profitable workers are laid off. Thus leading to wage demand unemployment. Unemployment due to inflation – the Phillips curve Inflation does cause unemployment but it need not necessary be the case. In the short term the Phillips curve happens to be a declining curve i. e. there is a negative relationship between inflation and unemployment. There is thus an increase in aggregate demand that usually lead to an increase in production and income and simultaneously increase in the price level of goods and services. And conversely a decrease in aggregate demand results in decrease in production and income and a simultaneously decrease in the price levels. But the level of production is positively related to the level of employment i. e. if production goes up then employment also increases (unemployment decreases). Therefore if economic activity is high unemployment is low, production is high, price levels start to increase and inflation begins to set in. When prices become too inflated then aggregate demand starts to decrease, but decrease in price levels does not happen immediately. Therefore the continued increase in the price levels irrespective decrease in aggregate demands leads to unemployment because manufacturing of goods slow down due to the lack of demand. The Phillips curve led many economists to believe that there could be a trade off between unemployment and inflation. In other words, a lower inflation rate could be achieved by trading it off against greater unemployment. And a higher inflation rate could be achieved by trading it off with a lower inflation rate. The abovementioned scenario explains the short-term effect depicted by the Phillip curve but the long-term effect of the Phillip curve show that unemployment and inflation are not related. In the long run when labour and capital are at full capacity, an increase in aggregate demand affect the price levels only. It is clear that this is the point where inflation increases sharply i. e. the price levels of goods and services, because of continued increase in demand, becomes so expensive that eventually demand for products drop and consequently the demand for employment also drops. Thus unemployment sets in. Stagflation In the 1970’s inflation and unemployment increases at the same time. This phenomenon is called stagflation. This is an economic problem that is twice as serious as in the case when there is a trade off between either unemployment or inflation. When it so happens that the oil prices increase by 300%, this higher energy prices would spread through the economy, driving up production and distribution costs on a wide variety of goods. It is quite obvious to understand that transport is most important in the supply chain of production especially in the upstream portion of the supply chain, which includes the company suppliers, the suppliers’ suppliers. But transport is also needed in the downstream portion of production, which consist of processes for distributing and delivering products to the final customers. [8] Hence the resulting increase in the price level because of cost-push inflation. Also real output declines while price levels rise. This means a simultaneous increase in the levels of unemployment and inflation (stagflation). SOLUTIONS TO UNEMPLOYMENT South Africa's unemployment rate rose to 23. 5% in the first quarter of 2009 from 21. 9% in the previous three months, Statistics SA said on Tuesday. (Sapa, 5 May 2009) A total of 208  000 people living in SA lost their jobs between the last quarter of 2008 and the first quarter of 2009, according to the Pretoria-based agency's quarterly labour force survey. The survey shows that losses occurred both in the formal (88  000) and in the informal (96  000) sectors. (Sapa, 5 May 2009). There is thus a more than a fifth (1/5) of people unemployed. This represents a huge cost to government and to society as a whole. Firstly I would proposed a joint government, business and labour task team to clampdown on cheap imports into SA as part of a number of measures aimed at helping local companies retain jobs and stay afloat through the global economic slowdown. These measures would aim at the following: †¢ That business pledge to do everything in its power to avoid retrenchments; †¢ Retraining people who face retrenchment and therefore become re-employed soon; †¢ Creation of jobs through the Expanded Public Works Programme i. . promote labour intensity; †¢ Discuss ways of lowering the cost of capital. However a much promising strategy would be to raise the demand for domestically produced products by increasing the demand for exports. Therefore as previously mentioned we must assist export in the following ways: (i)Assist potential exporters to find international markets, and subsidize some of these costs. (ii)All ow or engineer a depreciation of local currency against other currencies, thereby making exports more competitive. iii) Implement import restrictions i. e. tariffs and quotas. We could also reduce unemployment by stimulating and promoting small businesses and the informal sector. I believe that small businesses create more employment than larger business ventures. C. ADDRESSING INCOME DISTRIBUTION AMONGST DIFFERENT SECTIONS OF THE POPULATION INTRODUCTION Knowledge about the nature of income distribution is necessary for social development and thus for the distribution of resources where it is needed in order to create a fair society and better life for all who live in it. Nationally for any particular country society will because as a consequence of a free market society be stratify into various dimensions. Thus the conclusion â€Å"knowing the nature of income distribution† amongst the different population sections. In order to accomplish this objective I will address the following aspects of income distribution amongst the different section of the population. (i) Measurement of income distribution, (ii) General causes of differences in income distribution, (iii) Specific causes in the SA context and (iv) How can it be addressed. MEASUREMENT OF INCOME DISTRIBUTION Generally the Lorenz curve is often used to represent income distribution, where it shows for example the bottom 20% of all households have 10% of the otal income. A perfect equal income distribution would be one in which every person have the same income for example 20% of households have 20% of total income. This can be depicted by a line of perfect equality. By contrast, a perfectly unequal distribution would be one in which one person has all the income and everyone else has none. If the horizontal-axis or the Lore nz curve is the x-axis and the vertical axis is the y-axis then in a perfectly unequal distribution this curve will be call the â€Å"line of perfect inequality†. The Gini coefficient is the area between the line-of perfect equality and the observed Lorenz curve, as a percentage of the area between the line of perfect equality and the line of perfect inequality. (This equals two times the area between the line of perfect equality and the observed Lorenz curve. ) The higher the coefficient, the more unequal the distribution is. [9] GENERAL CAUSES OF DIFFERENCES IN INCOME DISTRIBUTION From all the factors of production the cost of labour as part of the GDP is the most influential, simply because it involves human beings. And human beings are the most varied and complex factor in the factors of production. In a perfect labour market all workers have the same education and training, have the same skills and earn the same wages (income). But the labour markets are not homogeneous. In fact it is imperfect and even if all the other labour markets are in equilibrium (balance between supply and demand of labour) there will be always differences in what workers earn. DOMESTIC DEMAND FOR LABOUR The most important aspect of the demand for labour is that it is a derived demand. (Mohr & Fourie, 2008:282). Domestically demand for labour will depend on production on goods and services. This means if production increases the demand for labour will also increase. Demand for products will influence the profitability of that product industry and thus the income and spending of that particular section of the population. Most countries have basically the same product mixture, but demand for the different products can differ sharply and thus will produce inequality in income amongst different sections of the population. DOMESTIC SUPPLY FOR LABOUR An increase in the wage rate will induce more people to enter the labour market and supply their services. The market supply of labour will this have a positive slope, indicating that the quantity of labour supplied will increase as the wage rate will increase. But absorption into the labour market depends on the nature of the product market, which offer that employment. As indicated previously the product industries produce different products and therefore different demands, which will lead to different wages. The different products need different skills. Therefore the discriminating factor amongst the different products will be the different skills amongst workers and thus the difference in income amongst the various sectors. FOREIGN DEMAND AND SUPPLY FOR LABOUR The Stolper-Samuelson theorem predicts that international trade influences relative factor demands and thus factor prices. [10] The basic idea of this theorem is that trade affects prices of products which in turn affect factor prices by changing relative factor demands. Once again the demand for labour will depend on supply of products and thus supply of the appropriate labour, which in turn will influence the income for various groups of income. SKILL-BIASED TECHNOLOGICAL CAUSES The single most cause of change in the income distribution is technological change. (David G. Blanchflower and M. J. Slaughter: 78) A few recent papers provide direct evidence of this technological shift and link it to wage outcomes. Berman, Bound and Griliches present several case studies that document the technological changes that have occurred in industries experiencing large shifts towards more skilled workers. According to Laudon (1998:) â€Å"†¦ over half (55 percent) of the US labour force consists of information workers and 60 percent of the GDP of the US comes from the nowledge an information sector, such as finance and publishing†. It is argued in general by many authors that skill-biased technological change is a global phenomenon. That is to say by implication that income distribution, unemployment is a consequence of jobless growth caused by technological and capital investment. SPECIFIC CAUSES IN THE SA CONTEXT The South African context from a wage inequali ty perspective is a very complex subject. One is impulsively inclined to think racial discrimination when you think about inequality in any aspect in S. A. But Mohr & Fourie point out not to ascribed most or all differences in remuneration to discrimination. However many writers would provide statistical detail from STATS SA, October household surveys to prove that the inter-racial income distribution gap over the past three decades have narrowed. But this narrowed income gap can be misleading due to poor statistics and because of rising income of an elite group of black people. Meaning a large income for the upper income group will be a misleading average on income for a specific group. The trends for unemployment and income are still highest amongst black people. The following reasons for this inequality can be extrapolated from the following data. Table1. Labour absorption rates |Category |Absorption rates | |African men |35% | |White men |68% | |African women |22% | |White women |44% | Source: UNDP human Development Report, SA. 2000) Estimations from this data indicate that the trend is that the labour market does not easily absorb African men and African women. White women not absorbed into the labour market do not mean they are unemployed. This leaves many African men and women unemployed creating income inequality between whites and blacks. Table 2. Mean monthly income (Rand) Sector |Men |Women | |Formal Average (white workers)* |7514 |4774 | | | | | |African workers | | | |Formal (urban) |2204 |2068 | |Informal (urban) |1012 |845 | |Informal (non-urban) |705 |524 | |Domestic (urban) |903 |537 | |Domestic (non-urban) |347 |397 | |Agriculture (formal) |1011 |5 99 | |Agriculture (informal) |386 |306 | |Average (African workers)* | 938. 29 * |753. 1 * | | | | | (Source: Statistics South Africa, October Household Survey, 1999) (* Own interpretation) Once again this is an estimation and extrapolation to give an indication to show the averages of income amongst whites (men R7514 p/m woman R4774 p/m) and blacks (men R938. 29 p/m woman R753. 71p/m). Table 3. Annual per household income (constant Rand): 1991 and 1996 | |African |White | | |1991 |1996 |1991 1996 | |Poorest 50% |3 005 |2 383 |35 028 |29 549 | |41-60% |9 519 |9 120 |96 444 |83 506 | |61-80% |18 497 |19 183 |155 763 |134 821 | |81-90% |33 843 |37 093 |228 018 |207 243 | |Average |12 972. 8 |13 555. 8 |103 050. 6 |91 023. 8 | (Source: UNDP human Development Report, SA. 2000) There is a slight movement in income from 1991 (R12 972. 80) to 1996 (R13 555. 80) in the African household income. There is a decrease from 1991 (R103 050. 60) to 1996 (R91 023. 80) in the White household incom e. But look at the difference in income for Blacks average in 1996 (R13 555. 80) and Whites average in 1996 (R91 023. 80). A difference of R77 468. 00. Table 4. Gini coefficient, 1975 – 1996 (1 = total inequality / 0 = total equality) | |1975 |1991 |1996 | |African |0,47 |0,62 |0,66 | |White |0,36 |046 |0,55 | |Coloured |0,51 |0,52 |0,56 | |Asian |0,45 |0,49 |0,52 | |TOTAL |0,68 |0,68 |0,69 | (Source: UNDP human Development Report, SA. 2000) Table 5. Gini coefficient estimates of income and expenditure inequality |Disposable income |Gini coefficient | |Black African |0,63 | |Coloured |0,59 | |Indian/Asian |0,57 | |White |0,56 | (Source: IES 2005/2006) * I have combined the two Gini coefficient tables 4 & 5 in the table below Table 6 to show that the Gini coefficients from 1996 to 2006 i. e. 10 years later have not change yet. This is a clear indication as to inter-racial inequality distribution in income. |* Table 6. |Gini coefficient | | |1996 |2005/2006 | |African |0,66 |0,63 | |White |0,55 |0,56 | |Coloured |0,56 |0,59 | |Asian |0,52 |0,57 | HOW IT CAN BE ADDRESSED i) Education and training Education is a responsibility of the government in so far as the provision of infrastructure i. e. training of teachers, building of schools, providing a well-structured curriculum and learning materials. But attending to the regularly attendance of learners is the responsibility of the parents. As previously indicated a great shortcoming in the labour market is that of skills. School system adopted the OBE Curriculum to make the school system more relevant to the economic conditions domestically and more competitive to the global economy. But the implementation of OBE implies the teacher/learner ratio of at least 1:25 whereas in reality it is on average 1:40, making the school system ineffective. Democracy also created a liberal education system, which undermines the discipline, which also is necessary for successful education. Therefore government spending on the school system should improve in order to address this shortcoming in the education system so that the skills needed to curb unemployment are provided. ii) The Skills Development Act, 97 of 1998 aims to develop the skills of the labour force by increasing investment in education and training in the labour market and to address the skills shortages. iii) Government intervention AFFIRMATIVE ACTION The composition of the population is not uniform with respect to race relations and cultural issues. To allow these issues of race and culture to take its own course is a recipe for disaster therefore government intervention to engineer a system that addresses the economic inequalities. Because unemployment, poverty, poor education and low social status work into the hands of social issues such as racism and cultural incompatibilities. To alleviate poverty, unemployment, poor education, a new system of affirmative action must be implemented in order to get a more equitable distribution of positions in the labour market i. e. targets to create gender equality, racial equality and cultural equality by means of affirmative action. BASIC CONDITION OF EMPLOYMENT This act, The Basic Condition of Employment Act, 75 of 1997 is to advance economic development and social justice by establishing and enforcing basic conditions of employment. D. ADDRESSING THE BALANCE OF PAYMENT DEFICIT INTRODUCTION An imbalance in a nation's balance of payments in which payments made by the country exceed payments received by the country. This is also termed an unfavorable balance of payments. It's considered unfavorable because more currency is flowing out of the country than is flowing in. Such an unequal flow of currency will reduce the supply of money in the nation and subsequently cause an increase in the exchange rate relative to the currencies of other nations. This then has implications for inflation, unemployment, production, and other facets of the domestic economy. A balance of trade deficit is often the source of a balance of payments deficit, but other payments can turn a balance of trade deficit into a balance of payments surplus. The two main components of the balance of payments are the current account and the financial account. Therefore the two basic deficits that can occur in the balance of payment are a deficit on the current account and a deficit on the financial account. When there is a deficit on the current account then imports exceeds exports and when there is a net capital inflow that exceeds net capital outflow then there is a deficit on the financial account. The question however is how will the deficits be financed. DEFICIT ON THE CURRENT ACCOUNT OF THE BALANCE OF PAYMENT Action to reduce a substantial current account deficit involves increasing exports or decreasing imports. This can be accomplished i. e. to promote exports in the following ways. (i)Keep domestic cost of production in check e. g. the demand for higher wages must be controlled. The relationship of the governments with labour unions must be of good standing so that policy can be worked out by government and unions for agreements to keep wage demands and inflation in check. (ii) Assist potential exporters to find international markets, and subsidize some of these costs. iii) Allow or engineer a depreciation of local currency against other currencies, thereby making exports more competitive. (iv)Implement import restrictions i. e. tariffs and quotas. Adjusting government spending to favour domestic suppliers is also effective. Less obvious but more effective methods to redu ce a current account deficit include measures that increase domestic savings, including a reduction in borrowing by the international government. When the country experiences a financial account surplus it can use such surplus to finance the deficit on the current account. This means there is a net inflow of foreign capital. DEFICIT ON THE FINANCIAL ACCOUNT OF THE BALANCE OF PAYMENT An imbalance in a nation's balance of payments financial account in which payments made by the domestic country for purchasing foreign assets exceed payments received by the country for selling domestic assets. In other words, investment by the domestic economy in foreign assets is less than foreign investment in domestic assets. This is generally not a desirable situation for a domestic economy. However, in the turbulent world of international economics, a financial account deficit is often balanced by a current account surplus, which is generally considered a desirable situation. If, however, the current account does not balance out the financial account, then a financial account deficit contributes to a balance of payments deficit. ACTIONS TO REDUCE A SUBSTANTIAL FINANCIAL ACCOUNT DEFICIT INVOLVES INCREASING FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT The following actions have already been taken: a) Proctor & Gamble invest R200 million in new SA plant. With annual revenue of more than US$ 83 billion, Proctor & Gamble is considered the world's largest consumer goods manufacturing company. The investment in South Africa is considered to be a huge psychological victory for SA, says Business Day, in light of the current economic crisis. (Business Day 11 March 2009) (b)New trade infrastructure programme to boost business in Africa International financiers and developed nations have committed $1. billion to a new trade development programme that will open up business opportunities in eight African countries, including South Africa. (Business day 7 April 2009) (c)Mergers and acquisitions (M) in 2009 South Africa is expected to fare better than most countries when it comes to mergers and acquisitions (M) in 2009 with the region being w ell shielded from the turbulent global economy, according to merger market's South African M&A Round-up for 2008. (Business Day 20 January 2009) (d)2010 Soccer World Cup South Africa is holding the 2010 Soccer World Cup, which is a tremendous boost for foreign direct investment and employment and also for future ventures. In this manner we must promote foreign direct investment in South Africa to create a surplus on the financial account of the balance of payment. E. SURVIVING THE CURRENT WORLD ECONOMIC CRUNCH / TURMOIL INTRODUCTION GLOBAL RECESSION The Global economy is currently in a recession, as we are made aware by many economists right over the world. There are declines in growth rates in many countries in both developed and developing countries. Most notably the United States CAUSES OF GLOBAL RECESSION â€Å"In 2008–2009 much of the industrialized world entered into a deep recession sparked by a financial crisis that had its origins in: i) Reckless lending practices involving the origination and distribution of mortgage debt[2] in the United States. 3][4] ii) Sub-prime loans losses in 2007 exposed other risky loans and over-inflated asset prices. With the losses mounting, a panic developed in inter-bank lending. iii) The precarious financial situation was made more difficult by a sharp increase in oil and food prices. iv) The exorbitant rise in asset prices and associated boom in economic demand is considered a result of the extended period of easily available credit, inadequate regulation and oversight,[6] or increasing inequality. v) As share and housing prices declined many large and well established investment and commercial banks in the United States and Europe suffered huge losses and even faced bankruptcy, resulting in massive public financial assistance. i) A global recession has resulted in a sharp drop in international trade, rising unemployment and slumping commodity prices. Social unrest and political changes have appeared in the wake of the crisis. †[11] HOW FAR HAS SA WEATHERED THE RECESSION Prudent regulation of the financial sector may have partially shielded the South African economy from the vagaries of the global financial turbulence until now. At the same time, it is the combination of fiscal austerity and prudent regulation, among the ha llmarks of GEAR, which have so far helped cushion the country’s economy from the global economic turmoil. The financial services sector, despite its integration in the global economy, has so far remained resilient. The same applies to the agriculture and construction sectors, which continue to witness growth. WHAT CAN BE DONE TO WEATHER THE RECESSION MONETARY POLICY A likely immediate outcome of the current crisis is a cut or a series of cuts in interest rates by the South African Reserve Bank, which has raised them by five percentage points since July 2006. As household debt balloons locally, economists forecast further rate cuts up to 300 basis points. The hope is that rate cuts will spur consumer spending again and thereby increase aggregate demand and aggregate production. Thus increasing employment and decreasing unemployment. But interest rate cuts alone will not be adequate to revitalize the economy. According to Neva Makgetla, the lead economist for research and information at the Development Bank of Southern Africa, job losses are a certainty in South Africa, but the scale will depend on the nature of the global recession. FISCAL POLICY An appropriate government intervention would be to focus more systematically on creating employment opportunities on a larger scale. That requires measures to strengthen the efficiency of the economy overall, especially through enhanced infrastructure. It also requires more consistent institutional support and resourcing for employment-creating activities such as agriculture, manufacturing, personal and private services and construction. INFLATION Keep domestic cost of production in check e. g. the demand for higher wages must be controlled. The relationship of the governments with labour unions must be of good standing so that policy can be worked out by government and unions for agreements to keep wage demands and inflation in check. EXPORTS/IMPORTS (i)Assist potential exporters to find international markets, and subsidize some of these costs. (ii)Allow or engineer a depreciation of local currency against other currencies, thereby making exports more competitive. (iii)Implement import restrictions i. e. tariffs and quotas. South Africa should streamline immigration and taxation policies to create a more attractive environment for foreign investors as an intervention in the current crisis. This would lay the groundwork for future growth. While the taxation issue is debatable, some analysts believe that the current taxation regime is actually pro-business; the immigration system is generally seen as cumbersome and makes it difficult for skilled foreign nationals to settle in South Africa legally. However, over the past five years, the Department of Home Affairs has been addressing this issue partly by issuing quota permits to categories of skilled foreign nationals even before they got employed. CONCLUSION The economic forecast for South Africa is that the global recession may not have such a big impact on our domestic economic affairs and that we should survive the current economic turmoil provided that we keep inflation in check, foreign direct investment be promoted and stimulate exports. On the political front we hope that the transition from Mbeki government to a Zuma leadership will have a positive impact on the economy as a whole. Greater political discussion pursuing an economic perspective might stem political instability as far as wage negotiations is concerned. The stabilization of the cost of labour on the GDP will be a tremendous boost to the economy. It is my hope that the spirit of new leadership will create a new dimension in the development and stimulation of the economy of this country South Africa. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Bade Robin and Parkin Micheal (2008) Foundation of Economics 4th Edition. New York: Addison Wesley 2. Blanchflower David G. & Mathew J. Slaughter (1973) The Causes and consequences of income equality: L. Katz, G. Loveman and Paul R. Krugman 3. Brue Stanley L. and McConnell Campbell R. (2002) Economics: Principles, Problems, and Policies 15th Edition. US: Irwin McGraw-Hill. 4. Fourie Louis, Mohr Philip and associates (2008) Economics for South African students 4th Edition. Pretoria: Van Schaik Publishers. 5. Laudon Kenneth C. and Laudon Jane P. (2007) Management Information Systems: Managing The Digital Firm 10th Edition: Upper Saddle River, NJ. : Pearson Prentice Hall. 6. Newstrom John W. and Pierce Jon L. (2000) Leaders and the Leadership Process 2nd Edition. US: Irwin McGraw-Hill. 7. Market House Books Editors & Oxford University Press Editors (1998) The Oxford Dictionary for International Business 2nd Edition: New York: Oxford University Press Articles / Internet Sites 1. Au Tom. The Daily Reckoning: What is inflation: Five Types of Inflation defined, 15 June 2007, http://www. dailyreckoning. com. au/what-is-inflation/? /2007/06/15/, Read on 15/05/09 2. Moffatt Mike: What is Inflation – Your Inflation Questions Answered, http://economics. about. com/od/helpforeconomicsstudents/f/inflation. htm, Read on 15/05/09 3. Newser: In the News. co. za: Petrol Price to go up by 50 cents, 3 June 2008, http://www. inthenews. co. a/2008/06/03/petrol-price-to-go-up-by-50-cents/, Read on 14/05/09 4. Proctor & Gamble invest R200 million in new SA plant; 11 March 2009 New trade infrastructure programme to boost business in Africa; 7 April 2009 Mergers and acquisitions (M & A) in 2009; 20 January 2009 http://www. sagoodnews. co. za/trade_investment/proctor_gamble_invest_r20 0_mln_in_new_sa_plant. html , Read on 15/05/09 5. Puryear Eugene: One million South African workers strike, Tuesday, 26 June 2007 http://www. pslweb. org/site/News2? page=NewsArticle&id=6917&news_iv_ctrl=1781, Read on 13/05/09 6. SAPA: SA Unemployment Rises, 5 May 2009, http://www. fin24. om/articles/default/display_article. aspx? ArticleId=1518-25_2511351 7. Slaughter Barbara: South Africa: COSATU calls off public service strike, 14 July 2007, http://www. wsws. org/articles/2007/jul2007/safr-j14. shtml, Read on 13/05/09 8. Stats SA: Quarterly Labour For Survey, Quarter 1, 2009 9. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia: Income Dsitribution, http:/en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Income_Dsitribution: Read on 16/05/09 10. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia: Late 2000 Recession, http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Economic_crisis_of_2008#cite_note-1 , Read on 15/05/09 ———————– [1] http://economics. about. com/od/helpforeconomicsstudents/f/inflation. tm [2] Micheal Parkin, Robin Bade,4th Edition Foundation of Economics 2008 New York Addison Wesley [3] http://www. dailyreckoning. com. au/what-is-inflation/? /2007/06/15/ [4] http://www. inthenews. co. za/2008/06/03/petrol-price-to-go-up-by-50-cents/ [5] http://www. wsws. org/articles/2007/jul2007/safr-j14. shtml [6] http://www. pslweb. org/site/News2? page=NewsArticle&id=6917&news_iv_ctrl=1781 [7] Stats SA: Quarterly Labour For Survey, Quarter 1, 2009 [8] Laudon Kenneth C and Laudon Jane P. , 2007, [9] http:/en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Income_Dsitribution: 16/05/09 [10] David G. Blanchflower & Mathew J. Slaughter, The Causes and consequences of income equality [11] http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Economic_crisis_of_2008#cite_note-1